Rumored News on Argumentative Cigarette Essay Topics Exposed

Rumored News on Argumentative Cigarette Essay Topics Exposed Whispered Argumentative Cigarette Essay Topics Secrets Though writing an argumentative essay is a difficult job, selecting a topic for your essay is the very first hurdle within this procedure. After you choose a topic then compose an impressive assignment essay paper by abiding by the suitable structure of an argumentative essay. Hope this list provides you a good essay writing help. It is very important to begin with demonstrating the major idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the exact page. The reader ought to be impressed by how you defend your ideas. Your readers will need to observe the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. The last couple of sentences ought to be extremely clear and have an enduring image on your audience. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on unique views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. To write a terrific argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which enables them to make an educated stance. Always remember that people that are smokers may not appreciate the things you're saying. They ended up finding other sources to get their hands on alcohol. Because lots of people smoke it, the government will earn a whole lot of money. At cigarette organization, plenty of men and women work besides this. Cigarette production greatly assists the nation's economy along with being an import and export material. With statistics in this way, it clearly shows this item is an amazing alternative than other procedures. You will need to conduct a thorough research and propose your own remedy to the present issue. Argumentative Cigarette Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a crystal clear understanding of what things to write about. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. Shopping online isn't secure or secure. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It is a good idea to steer clear of argument essay topics on moral issues because they don't support logical discussion. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Take a look at how to develop an essay topic! Quite frequently, college essay topics prove to be more challenging than students expected, therefore it may be reasonable to request aid. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. Students rarely select this topic because they're terrified they won't be in a position to do an excellent job. Nicotine addiction in any of its forms, whether or not it's smoking or vaping, is a very big issue for addicts. You must think about all of the men and women who'd want to acquire into rehabilitation clinics because of withdrawal effects from tobacco. Some populations smoke more than 1 cigarette daily, and at times the extreme cases smoke as much as a pack or two a day. As is usually understood, the disease isn't specific just for smokers but also for the folks who stay around the smokers when they smoke cigarette. Statistics and research reveal that smoking is liable for causing several deaths throughout the world. Reducing smoking can be achieved through education, as smoking isn't something you wish to advocate for. Cigarette smoking ought to be banned. It should be banned to decrease the health threats. If you would like to prevent respiratory failure, you might need to look at stopping smoking tobacco. Tobacco smoke includes chemicals that are damaging to both smokers and nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a significant cause of preventable diseases and premature death. Since you may see, banning tobacco is not going to stop individuals from deciding to smoke.

I Am Looking At Where Psychology As A Discipline - 1361 Words

History of Psychology In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to this day propels psychological inquiry in areas such as language acquisition, consciousness, and even vision among many others. While the great philosophical distinction between mind and body in western thought can be traced to the Greeks, it is to the influential work of Renà © Descartes, French mathematician, philosopher, and physiologist, that we owe the first systematic account of the mind/body†¦show more content†¦Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. In 1875, a room was set-aside for Wundt for demonstrations in what we now call sensation and perception. This is the same year that William James set up a similar lab at Harvard. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are usually thought of as the fathers of psychology, as well as the founders of psychology?s first two great ?schools? Structuralism and Functionalism. Psychologist Edward B Titchner said; ?to study the brain and the unconscious we should break it into its structural elements, after that we can construct it into a whole and understand what it does.? (psicafe.com) Functionalism, an early school of psychology, focuses on the acts and functions of the mind rather than its internal contents. Its most prominent American advocate is William James. William James is the author of ?The Principles of Psychology? a book that is considered to be one of the most important texts in modern psychology. The subject matter of psychology is consciousness and it maybe understood in terms of what it is (structure), or in terms of what it does (function).? (Benjafield, 1996, p.123) The psychodynamic approach focuses largely on the role of motivation and past experiences in the development of personality and behaviour. In 1986 the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, introduced the term in a scholarly paper.

Environmental Issues in Management

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmental Issues in Management. Answer: Introduction The world is facing a terrible threat from the increasing temperature they has a widespread impact on the biotic as well as abiotic factors. Increased emission of harmful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitric oxide has huge contribution to the above mentioned threat. The rise in temperature takes place as the harmful gases form a cover of blanket in the earths atmosphere and prevents the long wave radiation of the heat to go back into the atmosphere (Becken et al. 2012). As a result this heat cannot escape and in turn heats up the earths atmosphere and resulted in global warming. Global warming has been projected as the main reason of the various disasters taking place over the earths surface such a smelting of ice in polar areas. This has resulted in a huge effect on every country of the world. In the essay one can consider a particular country in the world and thereby show the various effects that it can have on the natural habitat at that place alo ng with the different adverse effect that it can have on the various industries in the country. Business gets affected in a series of chain reactions that altogether attacks the stable socio economic condition of the country as well as the different lifestyles of the people residing there (Weinhofer et al. 2013). United Kingdom has gone through a series of natural disasters that has resulted in an extreme consciousness of the businessman to save their business from the ill effects of the climate change that has been occurring from the previous five years. A series of natural disasters have occurred in the recent year that had made the life of people devastated and had a propounding impact on the various industries present in the UK. A flood that occurred along with the storms in the winter months of the years 2013 to 2014 has affected the lives of common people in every way possible. In other terms one can portray it as a severe blow to a large number of business organisations as well as to a number of industries which are directly as well as indirectly associated with the human lives of the country (Epstein et al. 2015). Climate projections analysed over the uyears found that the impact of the environmental disasters on the business and the welfare of the industries must be thoroughly analys ed and suitable measures to be taken so that the lives of the local people benefitted from the industries can be altered towards betterment along with causing no loss to the investors and the purchasers involved in the business arenas. With the increase in temperature at this rate, environmentalists have concluded that there would be a rise of temperature of about 4? Celsius in the coming 40 years. Therefore, one cannot expect to decrease the effects of the natural disaster in the coming years but one can definitely take precautionary measures so that the business and industries should not get affected for they form the base of the social and financial reputation of a country (Benn et al. 2014). Risks in business are closely associated with the various climate changes in the country. From the past few years global warming has resulted increasing the temperature of the winter months of UK above a mean temperature of about 4? Celsius. This has concerned many environmentalists as well as the industries that flourish on the temperature range of the winter months being below the mentioned temperatures. This warming has caused a large number of risks to the business industries. In order to protect the industries from a large number of harmful effects of that of the various warming side effects a new project has been launched called the carbon disclosure project also called CDP (Howard et al. 2014). This project usually guides a huge number of companies in essaying the harmful impacts that various climatic changes such as floods, deforestation, lack of fresh water availability and various global changes over the world and take measurements accordingly. They have a huge number of co llected information and data sets from a variety of investors and purchasers that helps in policy making by every businessmen and policy makers that helps the business to cope up with the various losses faced by the industries (Morrison et al. 2013). The CDC usually acts by taking a survey of the different environmental performances provided by the companies, cities and states. They then integrate the data into the account of their projects so that they can analyse critically about the impacts the environments have on them. The most helpful and important aspect of the CDC that the investors, purchasers and the businessman can utilise the facts and the data to make plans and decisions that help to manage the different impacts and the risks that they have on the industry. It also helps to derive the planning how one can set the entire system in a way that can yield various opportunities in a number of different ways. This system has provided ecosystem integrity as well as cared for pu blic interests thereby saving the industries from doom (Gleick and Eisha 2014). The risks that are faced by different environmental changes can be broadly classified into a number of two groups. One of the groups can be classified as the direct risks and the other as indirect risks. The direct risks usually include the direct impact of climate on the number of various industries such as the operations conducted by the factories and the supply chains. It also affects the assets and properties of the industries as well. The second risk that the climatic changes can affect the organisations are the production efficiency as well as the production capacity, the various types of cost implemented for operational purposes as well as the ability to perform successful business (Smith 2013). As these risks have a direct effect on the success to loss ratio of every industry they can be easily identified and therefore may result in easy identification and analysis. The indirect risks usually include the risks that become inevitable from the direct risks that are confronted f rom the climatic changes in the cases. They usually include the changes that are involved in the regulation of the business environment. Changes in the behavioural output of the purchasers as well as the consumers are indeed a major risk for maintaining the profit margin of each industry. Expected planning and the procedures of every stakeholder involved such as the investors and the local organisations also get altered thereby creating a messed up situation (Hargroves et al. 2013). All this fluctuations ultimately lead to a tensed situation due to the continuous fluctuations of the socio- economic conditions of the various states in the country and results in a compromised livelihood. The demand of goods and commodities gets altered creating a pressure on the operational costs and seriously affect the market valuation of different commodities. In comparison to that of the direct risks which are easily identifiable, these risks are difficult to identify and can often be neglected by business (Becken et al. 2012). A large number of risks and impacts that are identified in this concept are the reduction in the production capacity and increased operational costs. These in turn lead to a series of complicacy that follows. These may be listed as reduced demand for goods and commodities due to the fall of economic condition of the country which in turn inhibits the ability to perform business (Jira et al. 2013). Further, increase in the capital cost causes disruption in the supply procedures and supply chain. The storms and floods also affect business by making difficulty in the availability of the raw materials due to the complete destruction or difficulty in extraction of the materials required. Market valuation gets affected due to the reduction of the stock price altogether harming the global economy of the country in the midst of the world. As a result, the reputation of the industries on the global scale gets affected thereby causing a series of negative aspects. Availability of capital becom es a major source of concern as the investors become unwilling to invest in such a tensed situation in the country often facing environmental changes and their successive effects (Winn and Pogutz 2013). The profit margin often gets altered in such a way that the organisational foundation gets affected with no profit and more loss outcome due to the impacts of the climate change. A major concern that arises from this facet is the workforce health that gets severely affected and the safety measures needs to be properly analysed. Often claiming of insurance becomes a major concern to the organisation that leads to a bulk outflow of capital from the system of the organisational funds. All together the customer demands get altered that might become a risk for the organisational output but may become an opportunity of another organisation that gets benefitted from the risks faced by a particular organisation (Geneva Association 2015). One can clearly portray the above mentioned risks by providing light on the two cases reported in the dailies of the UK. MS are one of the leading top 50 stores of UK that had conducted a study on the risks that it can face for the changing condition of the environment. They have identified that changing weather condition will affect their sales as well as their customer to staff experience, internal store environment, hygiene issues, water scarcity due to flood and comfort level of the purchasers (Becken 2013). Taking this as the primary concern they have laid out various discussions among their top authorities as well as with their landlords. They believe that they can take prior adaptations within 2020 that will protect them from any environmental hazards. Resource Company BHP Billiton maintains a reputation of the worlds top leading coal industries who are also monitoring the potential impacts of the climate changes o the level of their profitability. Cyclone Yasi that has hit the areas of North Queensland missed the Hay Point Coal port facility that has been very near to the region hit by the cyclone. This near miss of the cyclone was taken as a warning threat by the company and they have contributed themselves for the development of strategies such as like building very high trestles near the Hay Point port facility (Bocken et al. 2014). These have protected their properties and assets from the effects of storm intensity and storm surge levels. In order to analyse the sectors of the industries attaining different level of risks, one can classify the industries as those receiving greatest number of high severity like accommodation, water, food industries as well as the manufacturing industries, information and communication organisations. Organisations providing gas service and steam as well as air conditioner producing companies also fall into high risk category. Agricultural, forestry and fishing industries also faces severe threat. The second category forming the medium risk category are the mining, wholesale retailing, technical, professional and construction industries (Balbus et al. 2013). The third category that is the low risk categories mainly involve the organisations dealing with the administrative and the support services, those with education and transportation business, storage business and social work activities. Different models have been proposed by different policy makers for proper adaptability of the organisations to the various hazardous impacts that the climate change may have on their output capability. That is provided below in a simple diagrammatic representation as follows: Source: CDP data, 2014 By analysing the various risks that are associated with a large number of impacts from the various climatic hazards, different strategies have been plan from which different policies can be incorporated. These policies will in turn increase the opportunities in different sectors. A very good example is very well understood by the scarcity of water that occurs mainly due to flood or due to increase of temperatures due to global warming. The number of industries working for technologies that manage the supply and demand of water gains the most opportunities to excel in their fields (Franks et al. 2014). Markets for fire protection may find a successful foothold for the various adverse effects brought down by the natural disasters. Increase of temperature has been correlated with the increasing number of harmful insects that play an active role in the complete destruction of a large number of crops. As a result, pesticide industry faces an increased profit level due to the hazardous imp act of global warming. Thus, Crodass crop care business has excelled in the present decade (Hawken et al. 2013). Many insurance industries taking a chance of the opportunities have designed many policies that are related to climate change con sequences thereby attracting a large section of population towards them and thereby seeing good profits. HSBC have produced several such policies covering risk factors such as water and climate resilience, crop and forest protection and others (Becken et al. 2012). Present day houses and buildings are facing material durability problems, besides corrosion of steel, increased concrete carbonisation and quality of the timber getting deteriorated mainly because of the effect of global warming. Therefore construction houses are making good use of the opportunity as they are receiving expensive infrastructure, building as well as maintenance contracts. Companies dealing with scientific and technical activities are also flourishing due to the increas ed demand of inventing technologies and services that would provide effective solutions against climate change destruction thereby increasing climate resilience (Mills 2012). Organisational consultancies and management firms are also making good profit due to the increased demand of the services that the public, private and third sector companies for providing instructions and advices on climate resilience and policy making. Real estate are also incorporating higher sustainability credentials for consumers who are climate conscious and take steps for their own protection. Storage industries are also increased their cold storage facilities to meet the demand and thereby increase the customer base. Recycling industries also take opportunities of the water scarcity problem and in turn increase their profit margins. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioner producing industry have got opportunity to provide consumers for effective space cooling technologies and both energy efficient a nd heating and cooling systems that are providing consumers with benefits and in turn they are very well expanding their markets (Carroll et al. 2014). From the entire essay one can easily come to a conclusion that there is a very few chance that the temperature would be decreasing in the coming generations. As a result, natural disasters are bound to occur in the coming generations. This problem has a propounding impact on business and industries of a country affecting the socio- economic stature of the country. Different types of climate changes thereby may have a direct or indirect effect on the business world that are indeed very costly for the sustenance of the consumers who in other terms are the ordinary people of the nature (Franks et al. 2014). Many industries may see their downfall due to not being able to cope up with their falling market. CDU thereby has taken an initiative to provide the organisations with suggestions so that they can take steps and participate in climate resilience activities. Various designs and policies can be adapted by them for reviving their status. On the other side of the effects, there are many industries which are taking the opportunities of the disasters caused by climate change and in turn increase their assets and resources making utmost utilisations of the chances available. The primary aim that one should take in the scenario is that how the temperature increases can be controlled so that the above complications do not arise and the world remains a happy dwelling place. References: Balbus, John M., Alistair Boxall, Richard A. Fenske, Thomas E. McKone, and Lauren Zeise. "Implications of global climate change for the assessment and management of human health risks of chemicals in the natural environment."Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry32, no. 1 (2013): 62-78. Becken, Susanne, and John Hay.Climate change and tourism: From policy to practice. Routledge, 2012. Becken, Susanne. "A review of tourism and climate change as an evolving knowledge domain."Tourism Management Perspectives6 (2013): 53-62. Benn, Suzanne, Dexter Dunphy, and Andrew Griffiths.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge, 2014. Bocken, N. M. P., Samuel W. Short, P. Rana, and S. Evans. "A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes."Journal of cleaner production65 (2014): 42-56. Carroll, Archie B., and Ann K. Buchholtz.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education, 2014. Epstein, Marc J., and Adriana Rejc Buhovac.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2014. Franks, Daniel M., Rachel Davis, Anthony J. Bebbington, Saleem H. Ali, Deanna Kemp, and Martin Scurrah. "Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences111, no. 21 (2014): 7576-7581. Geneva Association. "The insurance industry and climate change-Contribution to the global debate."The Geneva Reports2, no. 1 (2014): 1-152. Gleick, Peter H., and Newsha Ajami.The world's water volume 8: The biennial report on freshwater resources. Vol. 8. Island press, 2014. Hargroves, Karlson, and Michael H. Smith.The natural advantage of nations: business opportunities, innovation and governance in the 21st century. Earthscan, 2013. Hawken, Paul, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins.Natural capitalism: The next industrial revolution. Routledge, 2013. Howard-Grenville, Jennifer, Simon J. Buckle, Brian J. Hoskins, and Gerard George. "Climate change and management."Academy of Management Journal57, no. 3 (2014): 615-623. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Jira, Chonnikarn, and Michael W. Toffel. "Engaging supply chains in climate change."Manufacturing Service Operations Management15, no. 4 (2013): 559-577. Mills, Evan. "The greening of insurance."Science338, no. 6113 (2012): 1424-1425. Morrison, Clare, and Catherine M. Pickering. "Perceptions of climate change impacts, adaptation and limits to adaption in the Australian Alps: the ski-tourism industry and key stakeholders."Journal of Sustainable Tourism21, no. 2 (2013): 173-191. Smith, Keith.Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster. Routledge, 2013. Weinhofer, Georg, and Timo Busch. "Corporate strategies for managing climate risks."Business Strategy and the Environment22, no. 2 (2013): 121-144. Winn, Monika I., and Stefano Pogutz. "Business, ecosystems, and biodiversity: New horizons for management research."Organization Environment(2013): 1086026613490173.

Sustainability Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions Sample Essay Example For Students

Sustainability: Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions Sample Essay When doing concern determinations that impact the environment. there are frequently hazards and issues that affect an organisation. It is of import to place those issues and hazards to advance sustainability. Stakeholders have concerns about different facets of the environment and how organisations should react to them through schemes and how they operate. A positive ethical civilization can be created when a concern shows concern for the environment. Harmonizing to Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) â€Å"corporate societal duty public presentation has been found to increase employee’s company designation and commitment† ( p. A-2 ) . Essential Facts We will write a custom essay on Sustainability: Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A major issue in the 21st century is the protection of our natural resources such as air. H2O. land. biodiversity. and renewable natural resources. Governments around the universe have responded to force per unit areas put on the sustainability of these resources by environmental protection Torahs. Companies have been progressively integrating these issues into their concern schemes to non merely cut down their ain environmental impact. but to make a repute as eco-responsible companies. Issues Raised Air pollution can harm animate beings. workss and organic structures of H2O. There is a significant sum of pollution that comes from semisynthetic beginnings such as from mills. autos. planes and trains that have an consequence on the quality of air we breathe. These conditions can cut down life spans and do chronic respiratory issues in animate beings and worlds. Some of the chemicals that are associated with air pollution have been known to lend to deliver defects. malignant neoplastic disease and other amendss to the human organic structure. Harmonizing to Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) pollution can â€Å"also cause haze. which can cut down visibleness and interfere with traveling† ( p. A-2 ) . Global heating is believed by scientists to be accelerated by the concentrations of green house gases like methane and C dioxide in the ambiance. Burning of fossil fuels?gasoline. oil. natural gas and coal. has increased the concentrations of these nursery gases into the am biance. Water pollution affects one million millions of people every bit good as other animate beings and works life. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) province â€Å"water pollution is one of the biggest subscribers to illness in developing countries† ( p. A-3 ) . The chemicals that are found in common fertilisers and pesticides can run out into H2O supplies after a rainfall. Pollutants can come from a broad assortment of beginnings including from C emanations from autos that are absorbed into the ocean. Dumping of waste into our watercourses. rivers and oceans. every bit good as oil spills. industrial waste. and more contribute to the issue of H2O pollution. Water measure is besides a concern by many people due to the usage addition over the last two decennaries. Water is non merely needed to imbibe. it is besides used for harvests that feed us all. With less H2O available. nutrient harvests will non be as available. and concerns may endure because of it. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) province â€Å"one of the biggest factors in land pollution is the dumping of waste into landfills. † and landfills that are left untreated can take 1. 000 old ages to degrade. The U. S. entirely has up to 40. 000 abandoned landfills filled with plastics and other points like electronic waste that can let go of harmful toxins into the air and H2O ( p. A-4 ) . Deforestation is been on the rise because of the roar in bio-fuels. Trees are being cut down to do room for palm oil plantations or for raising sugar cane. Harmonizing to Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) â€Å"the net incomes from deforestation for husbandmans are normally ephemeral as rainforest dirt is of hapless quality. This prompts low-income husbandmans to destruct more forest to eke out a living† ( p. A-4 ) . After World War II edifice roar. urban conurbation began. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) province â€Å" As the topographic points where people live. work. and store grew farther apart. peoples began passing more clip in cars driving greater distances† ( p. A-5 ) . This has non merely contributed to devour wildlife home grounds. wetlands. and farming area. it has besides contributed to air. H2O. and land pollution. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) say that â€Å"deforestation. pollution. development. and urban conurbations have put increasing force per unit area on wildlife. workss and their habitats† ( p. A-5 ) . Many workss and animate beings have already become nonextant. and th ere are 1000s more threatened. Experts fear that the overexploitation of natural resources will do ruinous instabilities in the environment. Harmonizing to Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) â€Å"each biological species plays a alone function in its ecosystem and is portion of a complex concatenation of events. the loss of any one of them may endanger the full ecosystem† ( p. A-5 ) . Analysis of Decision / Final Consequence .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .postImageUrl , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:hover , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:visited , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:active { border:0!important; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:active , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb EssayThere are several options to fossil fuels that can cut down pollutions and better the environment. Wind power. geothermic power. solar power. atomic power. bio-fuels and hydropower to call a few. Many organisations are larning that to be environmentally friendly and sustainable has many benefits? including stakeholder good will and money nest eggs from being more efficient and less uneconomical. There have been surveies that suggest that bettering a company’s environmental public presentation can increase grosss and cut down costs. Poor environmental direction has been recognized by Bankss who grant loans to be an increased hazard. Workers besides c are about the impact that their companies have on the environment. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) province â€Å"that reacting to stakeholders’ concerns about environmental issues will both better relationships with stakeholders and do the universe a better place† ( p. A-13 ) . Textbook Questions 1. The chief issue associating to sustainability in our society is the deficiency of ordinance globally in respects to pollution and waste direction. 2. I believe that solar power is the feasible beginning of alternate energy because it is 100 % renewable and can be stored in batteries. 3. I do non believe it is acceptable for companies to overstate environmental claims to sell merchandises. In making so it is non ethical. It is the same as stating portion of the truth. I believe companies should be held to high criterions and held accountable to them. Mentions Ferrell. O. C. . Fraedrich. J. . A ; Ferrell. L. ( 2011 ) . Business moralss: Ethical determination devising and instances. ( 9th erectile dysfunction. . Vol. erectile dysfunction. ) . Mason. Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Silk Route as Commerce Network History Essay

Silk Route as Commerce Network History Essay Silk Route as Commerce Network History Essay Example Silk Route as Commerce Network History Essay Example Silk Route is a famous trade network, which united China and Mediterranean during various periods of time. The majority of historians come to a conclusion that this commerce network was established in 130 BC and existed to 15 century AD when the Ottoman Empire refused to make trades with the West and closed the route. The length of the network is approximately 4,000 miles and it linked China with Roman Empire (Li 34). The name of the trade path was received due to the silk, which was the most common product on the network. However, it was named as the Silk Road only in 1877 by German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen (Li 35). The route has bigger significance than a mere commerce meaning. Due to the commercial network, different countries that were united by it exchanged their cultures. During the antique era, among the major traders within the Silky Road, one could find China, Greece, Persia, Romania, India, Armenia, Bactria and Syria. In addition, there also was Sogdia, but only from the fifth to the eighth century. Besides, in the period of the age of Islam, Arab traders also joined the Silky Route activity and were extremely popular in the so-called market. The exchange between mentioned cultures was an important step for introducing the relations between different cultures at a new level. In fact, all these cultures have very little in common and they reflect opposite values and beliefs. Nevertheless, due to the economic advantages that each of them could give to others, they could find something that united them and it was profit. The history of the Silk Route is a good example of the way the cultures with different world views could work together to achieve the mutual goals. The well-being of the Silk Route much depended on the efforts of both civilizations. Due to the necessity to create the effective trade network, two struggling cultures could find a compromise. However, the developed commerce is not the only contribution of the network. The tide economic relations had the significant input in the shifts of the political, social and technological development. The exchange of experience and technologies was the integral part of the network. According to such fact, the Silk Route should be discussed from various perspectives, taking into consideration both economic and technological progress. The Routes of the Silk Road Obviously, the Silk Road had its particular routes of transmission of goods. They were the southern route, the northern route and the south-western route. The northern route took its place in Changan, which is today known as Xian. Changan was a capital of China in ancient times, which was lately moved east. Current route was found approximately in the first century BC, the time when the harassment conducted by nomadic tribes was ended by Han Wudi (Li 36). The route was long as it travelled northwest through the province of China of Gansu from the Province of Shaanxi. Besides, the route split into 3 other routes: two of the three sub-routes followed the mountain ranges up to the south and north of the Taklamakan Desert so that they rejoined at Kashgar. The third sub-route went north of the mountains Tian Shan through Talgar, Turpan and Almaty, which is today known as Kazakhstan. All three sub-routes split west of Kashgar. At the same time, a southern branch headed down the Alai Valley towards Uzbekistan, which was known as Termez in ancient times and Balkh, that is Afghanistan today. The other sub-routes traveled through eastern Uzbekistan (the Fergana Valley Kokand) and west across the Desert Karakum. Further, both routes joined the major southern route before they reached ancient Merv, which is now Turkmenistan (Li 36). Regarding the southern route, which was also known as the Karakoram route, one can state that it was primarily a single route that went from China through the Karakoram Mountains. In the Karakoram Mountains, the south route endures to present times as the international road that connects China and Pakistan as the Karakoram Highway. Further, the route goes to the west. However, it still spurred the southern era in order to get the opportunity to complete the journey by the sea from different points. Then the route crossed the high mountains and went through northern Pakistan, omitting the Hindu Kush Mountains. Further, it ran to Afghanistan and rejoined the northern route near Turkmenistan (Merv at ancient times). From the above mentioned point, the route then pursued a straight line through Mesopotamia, northern Iran and the northern tilt of the Syrian Desert to the Levant. In fact, that was the territory where trading ships of the Mediterranean Sea plied habitual routes to Italy. F inally, one more branch of the route ran from Herat to Charax Spasinu through Susa (Mezzavilla 72). It travelled further to other eastern ports of the Mediterranean Sea from where vessels carried goods to Rome. The Southwestern Route is considered to be one of the most important from the international perspective. The route was an important point, which connected ancient China and India beginning in the third century BC. The Southwestern Route was important from the economic and trade perspective. By that time, the Arabs used primarily the sea way of traveling to the south regions. The opening of the Southwestern Route provided an opportunity to use also the overland route. Hence, the new discovery provided the maritime-overland route, which simplified the economic exchange with the Southwestern regions. The opening of a new route had caused positive changes. The historians determine such term as Southernization (Li 38). Arabs were very interested in the South Route and thus, they used the Silk Route’s southwestern direction to establish connection between South Asia and the Mediterranean region. Silk Road in Different Dynasties Silk Road was opened during the ruling of Western Han Dynasty between 139-129 BC (Mezzavilla 76). Zhang Qian provided two expeditions to the Western region till he could finally find the most appropriate route for the future trade. In addition, the last war campaign against Huns in that region has made it a save place for a commerce route. Han Dynasty has established its protectorate of the Western Regions to make the path more attractive for traders. Western Han Dynasty was changed by Eastern Han Dynasty, which lasted almost 200 years (25-220 AD) (Mezzavilla 74). During the ruling of Eastern Han Dynasty, the Silk Route did not experience any significant changes. Ban Chao and Ban Yong made several expeditions against the rebellions in the Western Regions. The conflict in the West meant the troubles in the route and loss for the country’s economy. Thus, it was necessary to establish peace in that region and make the Silk Route an important trade network for all traders. During the ruling of the Tang Dynasty, the Silk Road has experienced the dramatic changes. Many historians believe that this dynasty has provided the biggest contribution to the development of the Silk Route. The Tang Dynasty existed almost 300 years (618-907 AD); during that period of time the Silk Route has achieved its highest prospering (Mezzavilla 78). However, the golden age of the Silk Route during the ruling of the Tang Dynasty lasted till the Anshi Rebellion (755–762) (Mezzavilla 77). The uprising of the trade network during that period of time can be explained taking into consideration the following reasons: First, the Tang Dynasty was one of the most powerful during the entire history of China. During the ruling of this dynasty, China experienced many positive changes in political, social and economic life. Changan, the largest Chinese city has become the first international metropolis of that time. Hence, such commercial center attracted many foreign traders and merchants from all over the world, who made the Silk Route more luxurious and rich. Second, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty paid especial attention to commerce and the management of the western regions. Probably, it played the crucial role in the development of stable and reliable trade network. China has often faced difficulties with the west regions. Rebellions caused great difficulties there and there was no dynasty which did not have problems with conflicts in the north. However, the strict control of that region has provided the durable prospering of the Silk Route, making it safe for caravans. As it was mentioned above, the prospering of the Silk Route reached its top before the rebellion in the west, which has endangered the safe transit for merchants and traders on the route. Third, the relations with neighbors were stable and relatively friendly. Byzantine Empire, Arabian empire and Persia were interested in the establishing of good economic relations. The well-being of the Silk Route was very important for the empires, as well as for China. Due to the Silk Route, they receive a great variety of rare goods and could sell the products, which were in plenty. In this way, all participants of the Silk Route were interested in the continuous prospective of the trade network because it provided many benefits for all parties. Fourth, the general length of the Silk Road has been enlarged during the Tang Dynasty. In 630, the Chinese military forces defeated the Eastern Turks; it gave an opportunity to enlarge the route in east direction. In addition, the victory over the Eastern Turks played a crucial role in the establishing of friendly relations with the Western Turks. In 646, the Tang dynasty captured control over the Mongolian Plateau (Mezzavilla 82). Hence, one received a new route from Altai through Mongolian Plateau, which enlarged the general length of the Silk Route. All the above-mentioned factors gave the significant growth to the Silk Route’s development and increased the well-being of those empires and states, which were united by the trade network. After the ruling of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty has replaced it and ruled the next hundred years. Under the control of the Mongolian Empire and the establishing of the Yung Dynasty, the Silk Route has become prosperous again. However, it experienced certain changes, both positive and negative. For instance, the Mongolian empire established a new capital of his empire in the present Beijing, making it one of the most prosperous cities in the empire. The sizes of the empire stretched from Siberia in the North to the South Chinese Sea in the South. The territory of a new Mongol Empire was the largest one during the entire history of China. The Mongolian Empire did everything to make the Silk Road more profitable than ever. Thus, they welcomed the foreign travelers, especially from the West, giving them different privileges. For instance, one could receive a special passport, which received the name the â€Å"Golden Tablet† (Hitch 656). The owner of such passport could receive food and horses on the territory of the Mongolian Empire. In addition, the Mongolian khan appointed some western travellers on the ruling position in his empire. For instance, a famous explorer Marco Polo received a position in the Mongolian court. The Mongolian Empire has made the Silk Route saver and more convenient than ever; even the lone caravans could use the route, knowing that they are in safety. Regarding Sino-Roman relations, one can state that they were indirect during the whole existence of two empires. With time, the ancient Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire started cooperating closer throughout the expansion of the Roman Empire into the Ancient Near East. At the same time, Chinese military invasions expanded into Central Asia. Such influential intermediary empires as the Kushans and Parthians permanently kept the two contiguous powers of Europe separately (Hitch 654). As a result, mutual knowledge remained low and awareness unclear. To sum up, it can be said that during the long history of the Silk Route existing, beginning with its creation, the commerce network always changed in order to bring more advantages for those states and empires, which used it. Despite the significant efforts of different Chinese Dynasties to make the Silk Route more prosperous, the conflicts in the North were primarily the main reason why it could not reach the highest level of its development during the ruling of all dynasties. East-West Contribution It can be stated that the trade on the Silk Route was a very important and essential aspect in the development of such great civilizations as China, Persia, the Indian subcontinent, Arabia and Europe. The route opened long distance, economic and political interactions between the above-mentioned civilizations. However, it can be claimed that the Silk Road played a great role in the history of the countries that were engaged in its activity. The main item for trading and even for creating the Silk Route was Chinese silk (Hitch 655). However, one should understand that, although, the route was opened for trading, it was also used for some other reasons and activities. Therefore, with the existence of the Silk Route, other goods were also traded from one country to another. Moreover, the road became the way of transferring syncretic philosophies, religions and various technologies. Unfortunately, it also became the route for various diseases that now travelled from one country to another. Consequently, one can state that besides economic trade the Silk Route was the means of conducting also cultural trade with many of its aspects among the civilizations that were engaged in the Silk Road activity. The division of the world into the Eastern and Western cultures led to numerous wars and conflicts between the civilizations. Nevertheless, the Silk Rout demonstrated that even the constantly struggling cultures could come to a compromise in order to achieve the mutual benefits. The role of the Silk Route in the world history is not limited by the commerce benefits. The durable trade exchange between Eastern and Western civilizations also had the cultural, political and social meaning. Western culture has learnt much from the eastern civilization and received cultural impulses for its development. For instance, Arabs helped Europe shape its ideology; the Enlightenment and the scientific development, as well as the political progress was impossible without such contribution. East has always been more oriented on spiritual, social and political development, while the West was more interested in the military progress. The western social model of well-being could not be achieved without Chinese perfection of social relations, labor force division and specialization in different spheres. The West world has enlarged its technological base due to the Chinese progress. China was one of the most progressive countries in the Middle Age. For instance, in 1078, China produced 125, 000 tons of steel, which was in 3-4 times more than was produced by Britain (Hitch 658). China was also a leader in a textile manufacturing; such experienced was used by Great Britain to make a textile Revolution in the 18th century. In addition, the first paper and book printing was invented in China and lately adopted by other countries. In fact, the rise of the western capitalism was much predetermined by China’s technological development. The western world adopted many useful technologies and discoveries in the sphere of economy, marketing, trading and even military progress, such as gunpowder, which lately was widely used by European nations in numerous wars. Besides the technological borrowing, one should also mention about the cultural exchange, especially the influence of the Silk Route on the art. For instance the appearing of Greco-Buddhist art is the result of the cultural interaction. The similar impact one could find in In Central Asian, Iranian and Indian cultures. Silk was also presented in the art as one of the central ideas because it also had a religious significance for both civilizations. During Kushan period Buddha was illustrated as a human. The scholars believe that it the reference to the Greek and Indian elements of art. The spreading of different religious, such as Buddhist, Christianity, Islam and Judaism across Eurasia was much influenced by the Silk trade. During the centuries, the tight commercial exchange has influenced other aspects of life, especially religion. Religion has played a very important role in the Middle Ages. Christianity, which was primarily the European religion, found the followers in China, while Buddhism has enlarged its influence in Europe (Hitch 657). The merchants could see many Buddhist monasteries across the Silk Road. As a result, it led to the appearing of such phenomenon as syncretism, when the representatives of one culture accept the principles of another one, which earlier were unacceptable for them. A good example of syncretism during the history of the Silk Route is the relations between Chinese and Xiongnu nomads (Hitch 657). The two cultures have adopted the lifestyle, techniques, dress style and other features of each other. Chinese adopted military innovations and some techniques. The historians say that sometimes Chinese soldiers left the military service and went in the steppes where they converted to the Xiongnu life style. Such necessity was predetermined by the fear of punishment or even the threat of death. In fact, there are some records kept that give some particular information about the relationships between China and Rome. In 97 BC, Ban Chao, the general of China, made an attempt to send an emissary to Rome. However, his attempt was unsuccessful. Indeed, the fact is known because several ancient Chinese historians managed to record several assumed Roman envoys. Regarding the indirect trade of goods between two countries, which is also known as Silk Road, it is known that the trade was conducted by the sea in order to sell Roman high qualitative clothes and glassware and Chinese silk. As one can see, the exchange between cultures was not limited only by goods. The western culture, as well as the eastern one has adopted much from each other. In fact, such cultural exchange was not artificial, but a natural phenomenon due to the tight contacts and relations, which existed at that time between the states united by the Silk Route. Conclusion The Silk Road is the important page in the history of West-East relations. Due to the trade network, which existed almost fifteen centuries, the different cultures have adopted many features from each other. The Silk Road is often introduced as an important commerce network, which helped sell the goods which were in plenty on the territory of one state and buy those products that were in demand. However, the trade network had also the cultural exchange meaning. Those states and empires which were united by the Silk Road experienced the cultural, informational, social, political and technological exchange. The well-being of the Silk Road was connected with the ruling dynasty in China. Despite the fact that all dynasties made many efforts to make the trade network more prosperous, there was only one dynasty which could lead the Silk Road to a new level. The Tang Dynasty could achieve success due to certain measures that it took. One of the biggest advantages of that period is the control of the western provinces, which caused great damages of the route. The Mongolian Empire also cared much about the Silk Road. Genghis Khan provided numerous benefits for travellers and merchants in order to make the Silk Road more attractive and safer. He even appointed the foreigners on the high positions in his empire and was always glad to meet them in his Empire. The Silk Road existed to the fifteenth century, when the Ottoman Empire closed the path in order to forbid the trades with the western states. Before such decision, the silk trade was considered to be one of the largest and most prosperous trade networks in the world. In fact, it united the western and the eastern parts of the world, making them finding compromises and avoiding conflicts, which could destroy the beneficial economic exchange. From the historical point of view, the Silk Road is the largest cultural exchange network that existed for almost fifteen hundred years.

The Nature of Positive Slope and Positive Correlation

The Nature of Positive Slope and Positive Correlation In algebraic functions, the slope, or m, of a line describes how rapidly or slowly change is occurring. Linear Functions have 4 types of slopes: positive, negative, zero, and undefined. Positive Slope Positive Correlation A positive slope demonstrates a positive correlation between the following: x and yinput and outputindependent variable and dependent variablecause and effect Positive correlation occurs when each variable in the function moves in the same direction. Look at the linear function in the picture, Positive slope, m 0. As the values of x increase, the values of y increase. Moving from left to right, trace the line with your finger. Notice that the line increases. Next, moving from right to left, trace the line with your finger. As the values of x decrease, the values of y decrease. Notice how the line decreases. Positive Slope in the Real World Here are some examples of real-world situations where you might see a positive correlation: Samantha is planning a family reunion. The more people who attend (input), the more chairs she orders (output).James is visiting the Bahamas. The less time that he spends snorkeling (input), the fewer tropical fish he spies (output). Calculating Positive Slope There are multiple ways to calculate a positive slope, where m0. Learn how to find the slope of a line with a graph and calculate slope with a formula.

Health, Safety and Security in the Salon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health, Safety and Security in the Salon - Essay Example The staff can pose health risks to clients when they use wet hands in washing the hair and when working with wet hair. The clients and the staffs normally suffer from dermatitis, increased skin sensitivity and severely dry skin. The use of wet hands in delivering the services to customers occurs when there is no usage of non latex gloves by the staff. In addition, the staff may not have necessary training to dry their hands thoroughly and to reduce the moisture when handling wet hair. Further, the staffs are not provided with non perfumed hand cream to ensure that their hands are dry (Green, 2004). Hair dressing products and chemicals also pose safety and health risks to clients and to the staff. Lightening bleach products may cause eye or skin irritation to the staff and clients. This is due to the purchasing of dusty bleaches and their usage in the salon. Dusty bleaches affect the health of clients and the staff because they lead to breathing allergies and irritation. Other chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide used as a developer or neutralizer may also cause eye or skin irritation if not used well by the staff. This is due to the inability to use the recommended concentrations. Hydrogen peroxide may also be stored closer to light, heat and other products. Further, oxidative colorants also cause eye and skin irritation to the workers in the salon as well as the clients. Wrong usage of oxidative colorants is due to the inability of the staff to check the customer history of allergy so as to prevent damage to the scalp.

Impact of school funding on student achievement Essay

Impact of school funding on student achievement - Essay Example In fact, more than $66 billion is said to have been invested in school technology (QED, 2004). This unprecedented level of investment in educational technology has raised expectations of legislators and the public who have been looking for returns on this investment (Benton, 2002; CEO Forum, 1999, 2000), and therefore are calling for evidence regarding the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of technology especially in K-12 schools (Ringstaff & Kelley, 2002; Panel on Educational Technology, 1997; Melmed, 1995). No child left behind (NCLB) requires states to demonstrate that "every student is technologically literate by the time the student finishes the eighth grade, regardless of the student's race, ethnicity, gender, family income, geographic location, or disability" (U.S. Department of Education, 2001). While NCLB has established an eighth-grade technology literacy requirement, the requirement is not a full statement of knowledge and skills students need nor does it include a mechanism for ensuring accountability (Kay & Honey, in press). Educational funding has been found to be associated with student achievement (Lance (2001), Miller (2002), Siminitus (2002), and Whitington (2002). Generally, that would mean more funding may be able to enhance student achievement. The RAND study findings (Grissmer, et al. 2000) found that when other characteristics, like socio-economic status and family background, are equal, NAEP test scores are higher in states that have: 1) higher per-pupil expenditures, 2) lower pupil-teacher ratio in lower grades, 3) higher percentage of teachers who feel they have adequate resources for teaching, 4) more children in public pre-kindergarten programs, and 5) lower teacher turnover. In the Burke County, North Carolina Research (Pritchard 2000), the Burke County schools in 1995-96 reduced class sizes in first- and second-grade to 15 students per teacher. The study found: 1) increased achievement in both reading and math, and 2) More teacher time devoted to instruction due to fewer discipline problems. The Ohio Education Association in a member survey stated that new educational policies have done more harm than good, while Ohio political leaders have continued to neglect severe funding problems of Ohio public schools (Ohio Education News). The highlights of the 4000 Member Survey include - Only 5% of respondents feel Ohio's school funding system gives every school district equal resources for a quality education for all students. Eighty-seven percent indicated Ohio's system of funding education is fundamentally flawed. Two-thirds feel that their school districts are under-funded, and 93% feel that Ohio schools overall are under-funded. Eighty-nine percent feel the state legislature has failed to solve the state's education funding crisis. Between 85% and 95% of those surveyed feel initiatives like No Child Left Behind, tuition vouchers, and some aspects of high-stakes testing have done more harm than good. Two of other popular researches include the Tennessee STAR Project (Prichard 2000a) which tested the effect of class size on student achievement, where smaller classes outperformed regular classes, and HEROS (Health and Education Research Operative Services) Research (Prichard

Models of Mental Illness Essay Example for Free

Models of Mental Illness Essay According to authors Robert Perrucci and Steven Wallach, the three models of mental illness are the medical, the behavioral and the societal reaction models. (271). The medical model of mental illness focuses on the structural or physical abnormalities in a patient’s brain which trigger the mental illness. It is concerned with the treatment of the illness and prevention thereof. Thus, this model requires that sufficient psychiatric care with appropriate medication by competent physicians and treatment teams be provided to the patients. It involves paying attention to the biological issues of patients through medical procedures such as the careful monitoring of intended effects and side effects of the treatment, the identification of new problems pertaining to the physical, mental and emotional problems of the patients as they occur, the detection of both acute and residual symptoms as they emerge, the elimination from the entire treatment of toxic chemicals and unnecessary drugs, and the administration of a balanced nutritional diet, an adequate rest and sleep schedule and a regular aerobic exercise program for the patients. (cited in University of South Carolina School of Medicine Psychiatric Rehabilitation) The behavioral model of mental illness, on the other hand, focuses on the series of maladaptive behaviors demonstrated by the patient as a result of his irrational pattern of thinking and perceiving. This model requires the therapeutic alliance of the patient with a person who gives him encouragement, respect and a reality orientation, and then motivates and leads him to be busy with productive activities that are comfortable and useful. It further involves providing the patient ample support and assistance in dealing with how people would normally react to his illness, in developing a balance between over- and under-stimulation, in establishing a relaxed atmosphere and a regular daily routine, in gently encouraging the substitution of inappropriate behaviors with responsible adult behaviors, and in asserting the patient’s â€Å"competence† identity as opposed to an unwholesome and ill identity which only leads him to alienation and self-pity. (cited in University of South Carolina School of Medicine Psychiatric Rehabilitation) Meanwhile, the societal reaction model of mental illness focuses on how the patients are treated by other people. It explores whether each particular patient is perceived by society as a disturbance, given the behavior that he exhibits as a consequence of his mental illness. Moreover, it examines the degree or extent of illness or abnormality that a patient is considered to have in the context of the varying norms of groups and societies. After all, every individual is subject to a set of rules and norms that define what is acceptable and not, what is right and wrong, and what is good and bad. These rules vary as to situations, locations and cultures. This model of mental illness focuses on a patient’s inability to find for himself a sense of purpose, peace, harmony, and health in the family or community he belongs to, as would have been necessary for him to attain personal and social success. Furthermore, this model requires that the patient be taught and guided to develop and maintain the skills and abilities necessary for becoming a healthy and normal member of the society. It also emphasizes the need for the patients to be assisted in learning survival skills including psychosocial and occupational rehabilitation, in developing communication and problem-solving skills and in establishing a social network that would be supportive of them. (cited in University of South Carolina School of Medicine Psychiatric Rehabilitation)

Genetic Patenting and Human Dignity :: Genes Science Technology Essays

Genetic Patenting and Human Dignity As technology begins to reshape the world around us at a growing pace, we can’t help but shift the focus inward. Advances in biotechnology are unfolding at unprecedented rates, and while we begin to crack the code of life through the recent developments on the human genome project, the overall subject matter of ethics comes to mind. Now, one might question, if technology is about improvement and biotechnology is about improving life than why would anyone question the ethics of such? However, it recently has come to the point that improvement of life is bordering on manipulation of life, and many are throwing their hands up in moral protest. Consider the recent long-standing debate over the ethics of DNA patenting. Doesn’t holding a commercial patent over human genetic material offend our dignity as humans? Or is genetic material merely nothing more than proteins made from various chemicals no less subject to patenting than plastics, alloys, textile fabrics, pharma ceuticals, or other synthetic materials and compounds? Valid arguments could be made either way. The debate over genetic patenting involves the careful consideration of several perspectives including those of the legal, scientific, biotechnical, and economical fields of study. After analyzing the conflicting opinions of the different fields of study, one may procure a more knowledgeable understanding on which to base a moral framework suitable for evaluating the righteousness of DNA patenting. A proper starting point for the research of genetic patenting would logically begin with a basic understanding of the patenting system in the United States. The idea behind the patent, as established by our forefathers, is stated in the Constitution: â€Å"to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing the authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.† Further stated in the Constitution are the stipulations and requirements for receiving a patent. The four criteria included were: novelty(the invention is new, innovative, and is not obvious), utility(the invention could be used for more than just hypothetical use), enabling description(the invention is described in great detail-enough so that someone skilled in the field could benefit), and human ingenuity(Resnick, 3). Once the proper criteria has been met, a patent is issued which allows the inventor â€Å"only negative rights to exclude others from making, using, or commercializing his or her invention†(Resnick, 3). Genetic Patenting and Human Dignity :: Genes Science Technology Essays Genetic Patenting and Human Dignity As technology begins to reshape the world around us at a growing pace, we can’t help but shift the focus inward. Advances in biotechnology are unfolding at unprecedented rates, and while we begin to crack the code of life through the recent developments on the human genome project, the overall subject matter of ethics comes to mind. Now, one might question, if technology is about improvement and biotechnology is about improving life than why would anyone question the ethics of such? However, it recently has come to the point that improvement of life is bordering on manipulation of life, and many are throwing their hands up in moral protest. Consider the recent long-standing debate over the ethics of DNA patenting. Doesn’t holding a commercial patent over human genetic material offend our dignity as humans? Or is genetic material merely nothing more than proteins made from various chemicals no less subject to patenting than plastics, alloys, textile fabrics, pharma ceuticals, or other synthetic materials and compounds? Valid arguments could be made either way. The debate over genetic patenting involves the careful consideration of several perspectives including those of the legal, scientific, biotechnical, and economical fields of study. After analyzing the conflicting opinions of the different fields of study, one may procure a more knowledgeable understanding on which to base a moral framework suitable for evaluating the righteousness of DNA patenting. A proper starting point for the research of genetic patenting would logically begin with a basic understanding of the patenting system in the United States. The idea behind the patent, as established by our forefathers, is stated in the Constitution: â€Å"to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing the authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.† Further stated in the Constitution are the stipulations and requirements for receiving a patent. The four criteria included were: novelty(the invention is new, innovative, and is not obvious), utility(the invention could be used for more than just hypothetical use), enabling description(the invention is described in great detail-enough so that someone skilled in the field could benefit), and human ingenuity(Resnick, 3). Once the proper criteria has been met, a patent is issued which allows the inventor â€Å"only negative rights to exclude others from making, using, or commercializing his or her invention†(Resnick, 3).

Light Weight Material for Automobile Essay

General segment car with light weight alloys and metal matrix composites 1. 1 Analysis An automobile is a single biggest polluter, as emissions from millions of vehicles add up. As motor vehicles have been huge sources of pollution for the world since the last hundred years, the major car companies and market see profit by introducing some new technologies to reduce emission and delivering best solutions to customers. One of the major reasons for emission is weight of the vehicle. As weight increases carbon emission increases and fuel efficiency decreases. Both equally reduce customer perceptions. Present market battles to reduce carbon emissions and to fulfill customer demands for highly fuel efficient vehicles. As the above statement is top priority in present market and coming future, metallic parts of a general segment car will be replaced by light weight alloys by coming decades. However significant cost challenges are there for using light weight materials from manufacturing process to end life cycle. Smartly tackling of this cost will be the key to market applications. 1. 2Strategic sense which helps to make light weighting vehicles Global warming, global fuel prices and fuel demands are going to a critical situation, which makes human to think alternatively. As more fuel uses, more CO2 produces. If majority of vehicles made by steels are replaced by lightweight vehicles, it will reduce the global fuel needs. As this initiative makes very good advantages to world, it will get a lot of co-operation from other industries governments and political systems. Technologically and economically there are a lot of challenges and things to be done. Much R&D works to do. Right from material selection, product design, process design, manufacturing methods, joining methods all has to be redesign for established organizations. It is a very big challenge. 1. 3 Initiatives taken to make light weighting vehicles To achieve a light weight structures, without compromising rigidity auto engineers have been researching the replacement of steel with plastics, aluminum and magnesium. Using of advanced material for reducing weight is the least expensive way to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. It is found that; * For every 10% weight reduction in weight of a car will result in 5% -7% improvements in fuel efficiency. * For every kilogram of weight reduction of a car will result in the reduction of carbon dioxide about 20kg. [1] 1. 4 Weight saving and relative cost for light weight material Figure 1. 1 Relative material properties and cost [2]. Important key factors while using advanced light weight materials are manufacturability, cost and joining processes. But as requirement is the mother of invention, manufacturability of aluminum and its composite’s will become easier and economical by coming years. Different manufacturing techniques are there to form aluminum into desired shape. 1. 5 Vehicle Case Study Super light Car Project: Figure 1. 2 Light weight materials, a vehicle case study [3] The objective of this project was to make an innovative idea by multi-material and light weight structure. This project proved that, BIW panel structure weight can reduce by 30%, multi material manufacturing with reduced cost, recyclability and sustainability of light weight materials. This project was a benchmark performance by joined venture of many sectors and seven vehicle manufactures (including Volkswagen and Volvo), 10 suppliers, 10 R&D companies and seven universities. The final product was a mix of different materials and a wide range of joining technologies. The figure 1. 2 shows the benefits, that Super Light Project achieved.

Discuss the Use and Impacts of Anabolic Steroids on the Human Body

Human understanding of anabolic steroids began when Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849) demonstrated loss of male characteristics in testes-deprived cockerels. Experiments carried out in castrated dogs and later in humans demonstrated the anabolic effects of testosterone (Kochakian, 1936). Testosterone became the first ever synthetic anabolic steroid when created from cholesterol and from which all the steroids used currently are derived.Anabolic steroids exert their anabolic effects on muscle and bone, and their androgenic effects on hair follicles in the skin, the liver and kidneys, and the haematopoietic, immune and central nervous systems (Mooradian et al. , 1987). Thus their ergogenic properties promote human secondary sexual characteristics, such as muscular growth and physical strength (Evans, 2004). Steroids are relatively small molecules and they can passively diffuse into cells.In target tissues, that is, the cells that contain steroid receptors, the hormone binds to the receptor ligand-binding domain, causing the receptor to change from an inactive to active state. In target tissues where intracellular enzymes are present, the action of testosterone is mediated by metabolism. Testosterone is irreversibly converted by the enzyme 5a-reductase to 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which binds with greater affinity to the androgen receptor, or by aromatase to oestradiol, which binds to the oestrogen receptor (Shahidi, 2001).Testosterone and DHT can be also converted to weaker androgens, again being dependent on whether the target tissue has the necessary enzyme activity, e. g. , 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. With structural modifications to testosterone, the anabolic effects of androgens can be enhanced but, even so, these cannot be divorced entirely from their androgenic effects. Hence, a more accurate term for anabolic steroids is anabolic–androgenic steroids [AAS] (Kuhn, 2002).The widespread use of anabolic steroids started during World War II, when it was found that this artificial form of testosterone could be used to help malnourished soldiers gain weight and improve performance. After the war, athletes began to use steroids to enhance their performance in competitions. In the 1956 Olympics, Soviet athletes, especially wrestlers, performed at exceptionally high levels. After learning that those athletes were using testosterone, Dr. Zeigler, an American physician created a more selective form, of what we know as anabolic steroids.From that point until the early 1970’s, steroids became increasingly popular among not just Olympic athletes, but also professional sports players and high school athletes. In 1975, the International Olympic Committee finally banned the use of steroids in Olympic competition. Although anabolic steroids are controlled substances in several countries, their use for cosmetic purposes such as development of bulging muscles and a well-toned figure is not uncommon since, it is considered a harmless manipulation.Use of these AAS involves several risks that could cause problems in both the short and long term. Prolonged use of anabolic steroids increases one’s risk of sudden death due to serious conditions like ventricular hypertrophy, thrombo-embolism and cerebro-vascular disorders. However, the cardiovascular consequences of supra- physiological androgen levels had not been determined fully until now. A research study revealed that AAS caused the impairment of vascular reactivity.It also revealed that abstention from AAS consumption, significantly improves vascular functions (Lane et al, 2006). Anabolic steroid use may also cause muscle and tendon tears, acne, liver cirrhosis, abnormal increase in cholesterol levels, and bipolar and aggressive behavior. Females undergo a deepening of the voice, increased hair loss, facial hair growth and depletion of female hormones, like estrogen and progesterone.The most common problems for male user s are reduced testosterone production, resulting in the shrinking of their testicles; erectile dysfunction, reduced sperm production and reduced sperm count. In teenagers, the continued use of AAS stops bone development (Kicman, 2008). Conversely, AAS also corrects physical problems and are employed in treatment of cachexia associated with chronic disease states, to increase testosterone levels and their effects in males whose levels are below ‘normal’ (Lew, 2007).Only relatively recently that these agents are being revisited for clinical purposes and their efficacy still needs to be demonstrated in terms of improved physical function and quality of life. For clinical purposes, the administration of these drugs can be of therapeutic benefit and reasonably safe, with the physician making objective decisions based on the benefit/risk ratio in relation to a patient's condition.Hence it is important not to overstate the medical risks associated with anabolic steroid use (Ho ffman and Ratamess, 2006) but to emphasize that the hazards to health are dependent on the sex, the dose, the duration of administration, whether hepatoxic 17a-alkylated steroids are being administered and the susceptibility of the individuals themselves to androgen exposure which is probably dependent on genetic factors, age and lifestyle.

responsibility for the knower Essays

Does making a knowledge claim carry any particular obligation/responsibility for the knower Essays Does making a knowledge claim carry any particular obligation/responsibility for the knower Paper Does making a knowledge claim carry any particular obligation/responsibility for the knower Paper Essay Topic: Claim Of Value Education Anybody who makes a knowledge claim must take responsibility for their claim, particularly if they are parents, teachers or a respected individual in society. Parents are largely responsible for early childhood learning, teachers are responsible for late childhood and adolescent learning, and leaders affect adult attitudes. In growing up, children are greatly influenced by their parents or guardian because they are the first people from what they gain knowledge from. Konrad Lorenzs study with young ducklings suggested a critical learning period in which knowledge is most readily obtained. Many types of knowledge are acquired during childhood, notably ethics and values, which will undoubtedly affect the childs perception and development in the future. Limited knowledge from other types of areas is also acquired during early childhood, and forms the roots of subsequent learning. If a teacher claims that subtraction is the same as addition, then all the students will undoubtedly experience difficulty in future studies. Therefore, any knowledge claim made to a child necessarily has a profound impact on their understanding of the world and those who make the claims must take responsibility. The majority of our learning takes place in educational institutions and our knowledge is acquired from teachers. Teachers are also highly respected and their knowledge claims are therefore highly influential. Though in certain subject areas, knowledge can be attained through logic and reason (such as mathematics), other subject areas can not. In history and biology, for example, the student depends on the teachers accountability. Students lack the incentive to verify every knowledge claim and will not question the teachers stance on the polarity of water or the Austrian heir to the throne. A teachers false claim will have serious consequences and teachers should therefore take responsibility for their claims. Education systems today rely heavily on language, as opposed to hands-on or visual demonstrations. Whorf and Sapirs theory of Linguistic Determinism states that knowledge is determined by language. For example, Navajos have precise words for different shape and consequently, they have a stronger sense of shape. Similarly, the diction of a teachers knowledge claim will have serious implications on the students learning. Austen uses their conversation to criticize Mariannes impulsiveness would have a very different impression on students as opposed to Austen hated impulsive people. Therefore, teachers must take responsibility for the diction of their knowledge claims. Learning is generally thought of as limited to educational institutions, but much learning takes place in adulthood as well. Esteemed individuals in society often have the power to influence the general public and any knowledge claims they make will be influential. In Europe, Hitlers numerous claims concerning Germanys superiority aroused millions to support him. The destruction and causality that his knowledge claims directly or indirectly caused in World War II are horrendous and indisputable. In China, Chairman Maos knowledge claims brainwashed millions of young Chinese to join the Red Army. Consequences of Maos knowledge claims during the Cultural Revolution are also apparent. Both Hitler and Mao were highly influential leaders who are responsible for their knowledge claims. Hence, leaders should take precaution in their knowledge claims and statements for they are responsible for their claims. Naturally, knowledge claims of leaders can be beneficial to vast populations, and leaders can treat their responsibility as an opportunity positively influence people rather than a burden. The consequences and implications of knowledge claims are indisputable, and therefore the people whom make knowledge claims should take responsibility for them. Since learning takes place throughout our lives, the people who teach us in all stages should take responsibility for their knowledge claims. Though parents, teachers, and respected individuals are heavily liable for their claims, they are not the only ones who must take the burden. Every person we interact with will influence us, and therefore, all knowledge claims must be taken responsibility for by the knower.

German Word Aus Can Be a Prefix and Preposition

German Word 'Aus' Can Be a Prefix and Preposition The preposition aus is very useful in German and is used frequently, both by itself and in combination with other words. It is always followed by the dative  case. The word is also frequently used as a prefix. The original meaning of the preposition aus was not only ‘outside’ and to exit’, the same as it means today, but ‘going up’ as well. Here are today’s main meanings of aus defined, followed by common nouns and expressions with aus. Aus in the Sense of ‘From Somewhere’ In some instances, aus is used to express ‘from somewhere’, such as when stating what country or place somebody is from. In those German sentences, the verb kommen (come) or stammen (originate) needs to be used, whereas in English that is not so. Ich komme aus Spanien. (I’m from Spain.)Ich stamme aus Deutschland. (I’m from Germany.) In other uses of aus as in ‘from somewhere’, the same verb in both languages will be used. Ich trinke aus einem Glas. (I am drinking from a glass.)Ich hole meine Jacke aus dem Klassenzimmer. (I’m getting my jacket from the classroom.)Er kommt aus der Ferne (He comes from a distance.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Made Out Of Aus welchem Material ist deine Bluse? (Whats your blouse made of?)Was wird aus Altpapier gemacht? (What is made out of recycled paper?) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Coming Out Of’ Sie geht aus dem Haus jetzt. (She is coming out of the house now.)Das kleine Kind ist beinahe aus dem Fenster gefallen. (The small child almost fell out of the window.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Because Of/ Due to’ Er hat es aus persà ¶nlichen Grà ¼nden abgesagt. (He  canceled for [due to]  personal reasons.)Deine Mutter tat es aus Liebe. (Your mother did it out of love.)​ When  Aus  is Used as a Prefix Aus  as a prefix often keeps its main meaning ‘out of’ in many words. In English most of these words start with the prefix ‘ex’: Aus Nouns and Their English Equivalents die Ausnahme  - exceptionder Ausgang  - the exitdie Auslage  - expensesdas Auskommen  - the livelihooddie Ausfahrt  - the (highway) exit; to go for a driveder Ausflug  - the outingder Ausweg  - the solutiondie Ausrede  - the excuseder Ausdruck  - the expressiondie Aussage  - the statementdie Ausstellung  - the exhibitiondie Auskunft  - informationdas Ausrufezeichen  - the exclamation pointdie Ausbeutung  - exploitationder Ausblick  - the viewder Ausbruch  - the escape; the outbreakder Auslnder  - the foreignerdie Ausdehnung  - the expansionder Auspuff  - the exhaust Aus Verbs and Their English Equivalents ausgehen  - to go outausleeren  - to empty outausloggen  I to log offausflippen  - to flip out, to lose itausfragen  - to questionausbrechen  - to break out; to throw upausgeben  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to give outausfà ¼llen  - to fill outausbuchen  - to book (a flight etc.)ausdà ¼nnen  - to thin outauslassen  - to leave outausgleichen  - to even outauskommen  - to manageauslachen  - to laugh at somebodyausmachen  - to turn/ switch offauspacken  - to unpackauslà ¼ften  - to air out Other Aus Words auseinander  (adv.) - separatedausgenommen  (conj.) - exceptausdauernd  (adj., adv.) – perservering; persistentlyausfà ¼hrlich  (adj., adv.) - detailed, thoroughlyausdrà ¼cklich  (adj., adv.) – express, expressly  ausgezeichnet  (adj.; adv.) – excellent  (ly) Aus Expressions/Ausdrà ¼cke aus Versehen  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ by accidentaus dem Zusammenhang ausreißen  - to take out of contextaus der Mode  - out of fashionaus dem Gleichgewicht  - out of balanceaus folgendem Grund  - for the following reasonaus der Sache wird nichts  - nothing will come out of itaus sein  - to be out Die Schule ist aus! (School is out!)aus Spaß  - out of fun

An Amplified Terms of Reference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

An Amplified Terms of Reference - Essay Example The paper evaluates the views in three articles to determine the probable choice for a small private physician. The articles cover the benefits and the challenges facing the implementation of EHRs. Key points covered include the probability of quality healthcare, and patients’ privacy. Evaluation of the articles results reveal that implementation of medical health records would be advantageous to a private physician. 1. Background, Sponsor and Problem AT& T organization is a very busy public hospital whose main business is to offer orthopedic services. Due to the large number of customers visiting the hospital every day, the medical records for all the patients continue to pile, considering that the same medical information is being filed manually. Because of this, the Front Office Receptionist continues to have a hard time each day trying to manually open the different folders carrying patients’ the files. Being as hard as that, it implies that the delivery of the serv ices in the hospital does not occur in a satisfactory manner (Selg & Rihel, 2007). The problem of doing the service delivery manually in the hospital has had far-stretching effects to both the hospital and the clients. For the hospital, the slow service delivery has constantly jeopardized the customer relations aspect of the organization. This is because when a client visits the hospital and takes the whole day waiting for the staff to retrieve his or her files and go through the records, next time, he or she will opt to a different hospital. For the clients on the other hand, someone with a critical health condition may not be saved just because his or her medical records are lost. Therefore, the absence of efficient medical coding can worsen the conditions of the patient. The problem resulting from the absence of medical coding system in the hospital mainly affects the Front Office Receptionist. This is because the front office receptionist is the person who is responsible for the production of the medical information for the different clients getting into the hospital. There are a lot of consequences if the problem is ignored. By ignoring the problem, it is very likely that the service delivery in the hospital will continue to be slow. The amount of work for the front office receptionist will continue to increase, and become too much for him or her. This means that the receptionist will be straining each day, trying to serve all the clients. This is not healthy for the receptionist. The hospital will generate less than the expected income. This is because it will not serve the clients in a proper rate (Heerkens, 2002). Voice of the Customer Analysis or Market Analysis is also evident as far as this problem is concerned. With the absence of the medical coding equipment in the hospital, the customers continue to complain that they do not receive the services in a satisfactory manner. Some complain that their records occasionally get lost. Others say that they have to queue for long hours before they can be attended to, while other still complain of their medical documents which have been torn or soiled. 2. Practical Outcomes for Client The research method used is the analysis of some case article evaluating the health sector in the United States. EHRs method of storing patient information will assist the medical institutions enhance their control over the revenue. Revenue enables organizations

The Flood Myth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Flood Myth - Essay Example Comparative approaches to mythology had great popularity among the 18th-19th century scholars. Majority of the scholars believed that all myths showed signs of having originated from a single mythical theme. Noah’s ark is the vessel in Genesis (chapter 6-9) of the Bible where God saves Noah and his family plus a remnant of all animals in the world from the flood. Noah is given great instructions on how to build an ark by God. He is told to use gopher wood smeared inside and outside with pitch, with 3(three) decks and internal compartments: 300 cubits long, 50 wide and 30 high. The roof will have a ‘finished to a cubit upward’ and the entrance on the side. The myth describes that the ark is afloat throughout the flood before it comes to rest on Mount Ararat. The tale is repeated with variations in the Quran with the ark appearing as Safina Nuh. The Genesis flood myth is similar to many other flood myths from a variety of other different cultures. Noah and the biblical flood story originates from the Mesopotamian version of Epic of Gilgamesh because the Biblical mythology that’s currently found in Christianity, Islam, Mandeanism and Judaism shares overlapping co nsistency with by far older written stories from Mesopotamia of the great flood. Also, the early Hebrew people were known to have lived in the land of Mesopotamia, particularly at the time of the Babylonian captivity. The narrative from Hebrew differs from the Babylonian story in that the floods come as God’s judgment on wicked humans rather than as a result of the caprice of the gods. In the Gilgamesh epic, Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh a secret tale/story that begins in the old city of Shuruppak on the banks of river Euphrates. The great gods (Anu, Ninurta, Ennugi, Ea and Enil) were sworn to secrecy about a plan to cause a flood. However, god Ea (Enki the Sumerian god) repeats the plan to

ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS- THE ORGANIZATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS- THE ORGANIZATION - Essay Example Papworth Hospital also has the Chest Medical Unit that offers respiratory services (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013). It is a Public  NHS and has a tremendous relationship with the community due to its long service in the area. The philosophy of Papworth Hospital promotes a positive approach to review and diagnosis, ensuring that the patient accesses medical care in the most suitable setting by the best personnel (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013). This relates to team work from the staff who share work collectively for safe and effective clinical care. The hospital’s mission statement is to uphold its status as excellence center for diagnosis and treatment of patients. Papworth Hospital may be said to be a matrix organization as responsibilities are shared in the organization. The board members are involved in decision making, patients and the public are also included in consultations (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013). This form of communication explains the level of consultations within the organization. Papworth Hospital seems to have issues with its internal control systems. This means that the governance process must be changed to improve the risk management systems as well as come up with a framework that will ensure that all stakeholders play their role efficiently (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013). Nonetheless, the hospital is keen to constantly review its reports what allows to control activities in the organization as well as achieve the set goals. The hospital has a culture of reviewing risks in relation to the quality standards; thus, quality service provision efficiently (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013). Papworth Hospital nursing care delivery system involves modern matrons that ensure cleanliness of the patient environment as well as support the nurses in the wards efficiently (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2014). Social workers help in discharging

Networking And Routing Protocols

Networking And Routing Protocols At present, internet plays a vital role in many of our daily life. It made a dramatic revolution on communication which we enjoy today. The revolution offered web appliances, e-commerce, video conferences, online gaming and so on. All these became possible and operating on the backbone called networks. On the first hand, before discussing about routing and routing protocols well go through and networking. Initially U.S. government funded researches on sharing information within computers for scientific and military[1] purposes. Though there were many contributed to the foundation of internet J. C. R. Licklider was the first among them. As a leader of Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) he demonstrated the concept of time sharing and promoted the researches and concepts on networking. Time sharing made a major evolution in the IT world. It became the basis for networking as well. Licks successors as leaders of IPTO, Ivan Sutherland and Bob Taylor influenced by Intergalactic Network lead the researches of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)s IPTO. The three people Paul Baran, Leonard Kleinrock and Donald Davies developed fundamentals for ARPANET with their own concepts such as packet switching and so on. After continuous researches on implementation of networks, the first ARPANET interconnected and became success in 1969. Being limited for military and research purposes by universities ARPANET has gone through several modifications and adopted many mechanisms. By 1990 networks gradually became for public and from their several other technologies emerged based on networks. When the networks used by general public, it began to grow massive and more complex. So there was a need for a man in the middle kind of device to handle the routes for networks. So that experts coined the device called router. Router is a networking device used to forward the data to an interface to route the data towards its destination. Again the network administrator had to do a hectic job of adding static routes and updating each and every route in a network. For instance, if a link goes down all the routers should be updated manually to cope with it. So to handle these messy situations experts came up with the routing protocols. Though there were plenty of contributors and technology shifts in various occasions in the industry, the above paragraphs covers the milestones in the history. Routing Concept Routing is the process of directing a packet towards the destination with the help of router. The router receives a packet from one interface, determine which interface to be forwarded based on routing algorithm and destination address and then send the packet to the interface. To route a packet the router should satisfy at least following, Router should know Destination address subnet mask Discover Neighbor routers where it can identify the routes for remote routers Identify all possible routes for all remote networks The best path for routing the packet The process of maintaining and verifying the routing table and routing information In general, routing can be categorized as static and dynamic routing. Static routing is the process of adding the routes manually in the router table. The Static routes have the administrative distance of 1 by default. IP route 172.16.30.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.20.2 Dest n/w subnet mask next hope Static routing has no overhead on router CPU or bandwidth of the link and secure compared to dynamic routing. However, static routing doesnt have fault tolerant and its a tedious job to add routes manually. In a wide area network, adding all the routes is definitely a hardest job. Then again when a topology changes or a link goes down again the network administrator have to run all over the place to update. However in some scenarios, static routing remains handy. For instance, in stub networks where all the traffic routed towards a gateway static routing is inevitable with default routes. So static routing consume less resources, easy to configure, more secure and can handle multiple networks. Default routing is a category of static routing where only the exiting interface is specified. IP route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial1 Dest n/w Subnet Exit interface Administrative distance for default routing is 0. Default routing is used to send packets to remote networks when the router doesnt have information about it on routing table. The next crucial, widely used category is dynamic routing which is concerned in this project. Dynamic routing is the process of keeping the routing table up to date with instant updates from routing protocols. These protocols dynamically share the information and able to update the routing table when topology changes occur. Further, these protocols determine the best path based on metric calculations. So that dynamic routing protocols remain crucial in large scale corporate networks to update their routing tables. Dynamic routing protocols provide fault tolerance by broadcasting updates when links goes down or server shutdown. To update the router tables the routing protocols define the rules for communicating with the neighbor routers. The rules specify the method and algorithm to exchange information between neighbors. All in all though dynamic protocols consume more CPU power and bandwidth when compared, they are robust and more reliable in networks, especially large scale. Routin g protocols can be categorized in various ways based on their characteristics. Initially, protocols can be divided into routing and routed protocols. Routed protocols are responsible for actual data transfer. The protocols under this category are TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, and apple talk. Routing protocols exchange the routing information between routers. They include RIP, RIP v.2, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF BGP and so on. Further dynamic protocols can be classified as, Interior gateway protocols (IGP) and Exterior gateway protocol(EGP) Class-full and Class-less Distance vector ,Link-state and hybrid protocols IGP and EGP are characterized based on autonomous system. Autonomous system (AS) is the collection of networks within one administrative domain. IGP protocols are used to exchange router information between same AS number and EGP is between different AS numbers. Rip, Rip v.2, IGRP, EGRP, OSPF, IS-IS come under IGP and BGP is under EGP. Class-full routing protocols do not advertise the subnet mask but class-full address in advertisement. Class-less protocols advertise subnet mask. RIP and IGRP are class-full and RIP v.2 EIGRP, OSPF and IS-IS are classless. The other important characterization is Distance vector, Link state and hybrid. Distance vector protocols Advertise periodically Advertise full routing table Advertise only for directly connected routers High convergence time Limited no of hops Suffer from routing loop Do not establish neighbor relationship Protocols RIP, IGRP Link state protocols Advertise only when network triggered Advertise only the update Flood the advertisement Convergence is low No limits in hop count and suitable for large network No routing loops Establish neighbor relation in formal way Protocols OSPF IS-IS Hybrid protocols Its a combination of both Distance vector and Link-state. EIGRP share such routing characteristics. Dynamic routing Protocols Routing Information Protocol (RIPv1) Routing information protocol version 1 known as RIP is the initial routing protocol to be implemented in ARPANET in 1967. As classified before RIP is a class-full, distance vector and interior gateway protocol (IGP). RIP was developed based on Bellman-Ford algorithm and use hop count as the metric value. It uses the lowest hop count to calculate the best path. Rip limits the number of hosts it supports in a network to prevent routing loops and maintain stability. It supports a maximum of 15 hops in a network. 16th hop is defined as in infinite administrative distance and they become unreachable and un-shareable. It uses broadcast address 255.255.255.255 to send updates between routers. Administrative distance for RIP is 120. Rip use several timers in the advertising and updating process. Routing update timer, route timeout timer, and route flush timer are the timers used by RIP. Routing update timer is used to determine the time interval between each update from rip implemented router. Usually a full update is sent every 30 seconds from router. This became a problem when all the routers simultaneously try to send updates every 30 seconds and consuming the bandwidth since they are synchronized. So that when the timer is reset random time is added in addition to the 30 seconds to prevent such congestion. Route timeout timer is the time frame until a record remains valid before it gets an update with same record. If the router doesnt get the update again within the time frame router marks the record for deletion and hold it until the flush time expire. After the flush time expires the record will be purged permanently from the table. Rip protocol preserve stability by limiting the number of hops to prohibit routing loops propagation. RIP implements split horizon, route poisoning and timing mechanisms to prevent erroneous information propagation. However, limitation on number of hops becomes a setback in large scale networks. Limiting only to class-full advertising is another drawback in RIP. Further, routing updates are not capable for authentication process which is a security concern with version1. Despite rip being emerged ages ago it still exists in routers. Because it is easy to configure, stable, suits well for stub networks and widely used. Routing Information Protocol (RIPV2) Rip version 2 was standardized and released in 1993 due to lack of some important features in version 1 as mentioned above. Version 2 is an enhancement for variable length subnet masking (VLSM). Ripv2 designed to support classless routing with subnet masks which was a critical update from earlier version. Version2 updates carry more information with simple authentication enabled on it. It uses multicast address 224.0.0.9 to send updates. Multicasting avoids the hosts which are not part of routing from receiving update. This version also maintains the maximum number of hops to 15. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Protocol Open shortest past first (OSPF) plays a key role in IP networks for several reasons. It was drafted to be used with the internet protocol suite with high functionality as a non proprietary protocol. OSPF is an interior gateway routing protocol which routes packets between the same autonomous systems. It has an administrative distance of 110. It is designed to fully support VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) or CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).Also it supports for manual summarized advertisement. Its a link state protocol. So it scales well[2], converges quickly and offer loop free routing. On a topology change or link down it converges quick enough to provide a new loop free route. It uses cost to calculate the metric value. The shortest path is calculated based on Dijkstra algorithm to find the best path. OSPF use multicast addresses for updates. The addresses are, 224.0.0.5 is for sending updates and 224.0.0.6 is to receive updates. OSPF maintains three types of tables namely, routing table, neighbor table and database table. It uses Hello protocol to establish neighbor relation and maintain a neighbor table. Hello protocols attributes are, Router ID Priority (default 1) Hello interval (10 sec) Dead interval (40 sec) Authentication bit Stub area flag Process ID The relationship is established based on the router ID. To establish a neighbor relationship timers (hello dead), network mask, area ID and authentication password should be same. It uses area to communicate among routers. OSPF can be configured as single area or multi-area network. Areas are introduced to constrain the flooding of update into a single area. An OSPF domain is split into areas and labeled with 32 bit identifiers to limit the updates and calculation of best path with Dijkstra algorithm into one area. Areas should be carefully designed and configured to group the hosts and routers to a logical area. Each area maintains its own link state database which is distributed via a connecting router to other networks. Such design reduces the traffic flow between areas and keeps the topology anonymous to other areas. In single area OSPF the entire interface in that network belongs to same network. The diagram below explains a configuration in single area OSPF. In multi-area, all other areas must connect to the back bone area (area 0) directly or virtually. The diagram below is a sample of multi-area configuration. A multiple area OSPF must contain at least one backbone / zero area and may have several non-backbones. Zero area remains as the core area for all the other areas. All the other areas connect to backbone area to get updated. OSPF allows configuring stub networks as well. In OSPF stub networks external updates are not flooded in to the stub area. This will result in reducing the size of database size and thereby memory consumption. When stub network area is configured default routing will be used to connect to the external areas. OSPF defines the following router states, Area border router (ABR) Autonomous system boundary router (ASBR) Internal router (IR) Backbone router (BR) The routers could play one or more roles as mentioned above in an OSPF network. The router identifier should be defined in a dotted decimal format to associate each OSPF instance with an ID. If it is not explicitly specified, the highest logical IP will be assigned as the router ID. Area border router (ABR) is the common router which placed on the edge of the backbone area to connect other areas via its interfaces. The ABR keeps a copy of the link state databases of both the backbone and of the areas which it is connected to in its memory. Autonomous system boundary router (ASBR) is the router which connects an autonomous system and a non-OSPF network. ASBR remains as a gateway to connect an AS to other routing protocol networks such as EIGRP, RIP, BGP, static and so on. It also used to exchange routes which it learned from other AS number through its own AS number. The router which has all its interfaces and neighbor relationship within an area is called as Internal Router (IR). All the routers which are part of the backbone area are backbone router (BR). It may be a backbone internal router or an area border router. ABR is also a BR since it is connected to backbone via a physical or logical link. From OSPF configurations the routers elect designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR). A designated router (DR) is elected on a multi-access network segment to exchange routing information with other routers. The job of the DR is multicasting the router update which it received to the other routers. So other routers listen only to the DR instead of listening to broadcast. DR elected to act as one-to-many instead of many-to-many routing update. So updates are sent only to the DR router and it updates all the routers within the segment. This election mechanism reduces the network traffic a lot. The router with the highest priority among the routers will be elected as the Designated Router. If more than one router has same priority Router ID will be used as the tie breaker. In multi access networks Backup designated router (BDR) must be elected next. BDR is a standby router for DR if DR becomes unavailable. The router which becomes the second in the election process will be the BDR. If both become unavailable the election process will be held again. The BDR receives updates from adjacent routers but doesnt multicast them. OSPF adjacency is established to share the routing updates directly to each other. Establishing adjacency depends on the OSPF configuration in routers. From OSPF configuration point of view networks can be categorized as, Broadcast multi-access In broadcast multi-access networks routers have direct access to all the routers via direct links. Some of the examples for Broadcast multi-access are Ethernet, and Token ring. Through Ethernet multiple devices are allowed to access the same network. So when an OSPF packet is sent on the network itll be broadcasted and all the routers will receive it. With OSPF DR and BDR should be elected for broadcast multi-access network. Non-broadcast Multi Access (NBMA) NBMA network allows data transmission over a virtual link or across a switching device between the hosts in the network. Typical examples for NBMA are X.25, ATM and Frame relay. In NBMA, all the devices are connected through a shared medium. It doesnt support broadcast or multicast. Instead, OSPF sends the hello packet to each router in the network one at a time. As a result OSPF should be configured specially and the neighbor relationship should be specified properly. Power Line Communication (PLC) is also categorized as Non-broadcast Multiple Access network. Point-to-point In Point-to-point connections, both routers endpoints are connected point to point to provide a single path for communication. High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) could be the examples for P2P. In point to point network, it may be a serial cable connecting the endpoints directly or a virtual link which connects two routers apart in greater distance. But both scenarios eliminate the need for election of DR and BDR in OSPF implementation. The neighbors will be identified automatically with P2P. Point-to-multipoint Point-to-multipoint topology refers to connecting a single interface of a router to multiple destination routers. All the devices in Point-to-multipoint will be in a same network. Conventionally the routers could identify their neighbors automatically in broadcast network. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a proprietary, hybrid protocol owned by Cisco. It was developed by CISCO as a successor of IGRP. Though its not a version of IGRP; its completely different. It behaves as both link state and distance vector protocol. Its a classless protocol as well. Administrative distance for EIGRP is 90. It exercises a different algorithm from previous protocols which is known as Diffusing update algorithm (DUAL). DUAL algorithm ensures to find the best path with faster convergence and loop free routing. EIGRP supports unequal cost balancing as well. It uses multicast address 224.0.0.0 to send updates. EIGRP also use autonomous system number. It maintains three types of tables, Neighbor table maintains data about the neighboring routers which are directly connected and accessible. Hello packets with timers are employed to keep the record with precision. Topology table The topology table contains all the destinations advertised by its neighbor routers. It maintains the table as an aggregation of all advertised routes with adjoining metrics. In addition from the aggregation a successor and feasible successor will be identified and stored. The successor path is the best path to reach a destination based on the least sum of advertised distance from a neighbor and the distance to reach that neighbor. This route will be installed in the router. The optional feasible successor has the metric higher than successor, which qualify to be the next successor. This route doesnt get installed but kept in the topology table as an alternative. The router will automatically add the feasible route as successor when the successor becomes unavailable. The state of a route for destination can be marked as active or passive in the table. When the router find successor unavailable with no backup routes it query the neighbor routers. This state is called a s active and when it gets a reply it changes to passive state. This whole process ensures a loop free path for destinations. Routing table This table store the actual routes for all destinations. This table is build from the previous topology table calculation. A successor route and an optional feasible route will be stored in this table. Network Modelling Basically Network modelling is a main concept of network deployment into network planning, designing and implementation. Modelling is used to describe concept of the project. Network analysis and network designing should be defined before create network modelling. Define the requirements, objectives and problem areas should be created in network analysis part. So at this stage describe about the router and routing concept towards how they are using routing protocol to route the packets and how to configure with those routing protocols. After this stage implementation part considers all fulfil requirements. Finally design part where we define appropriate network deployment. Network modelling is giving a lot of helps to think more ideas to create best possible network model. Because of that I selected OPNET simulator in this project to create network models. OPNET Modeller 15.0 (Optimized Network Engineering Tools) Currently OPNET is one of the best tools among many network modelling tools in the network technologies. It provides us to designing network model using all kind of network equipments. Networking designers are gained better understanding of designing before development process. It helps to reduce time manner and expense of prototyping hardware equipments. We can able to analyse, measure the performance and behaviour of proposed Model system from event simulations. OPNET tool contains many features. There are main three editors in the OPNET Æ’ËÅ" Project Editor: It contains graphical interface of network topology nodes such as subnet, hub, switch, router, etc and much kind of links to communicate among those devices. All are designed with graphical user interface such as easy to end users. Æ’ËÅ" Node Editor: It is describe clear picture of internal architecture of the nodes by investigate the data flow between useful nodes. Node model can send, receive and create network traffic with other node model through the packets. Æ’ËÅ" Process Editor: It describes about the processes and events create by implementation of specific process operation on the network such as behaviour and functionality of the node model. During the simulation time each node model may create a process of any event, so that it gives the state of process and its functionality. Completely we cant compare simulated network with real world time traffic. But it will give some of information such as how much required bandwidth, where the jamming can occur and how to handle to avoid these problems.